Nutrition and everyday guidance for diabetes
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body cannot use insulin effectively. The result is elevated blood glucose. The two main forms are type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
In type 1 diabetes, an autoimmune process destroys insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Type 2 diabetes is more common and is closely linked to genetic risk, nutrition, body weight, insulin resistance and reduced insulin secretion over time.
Common symptoms
Diabetes can cause reduced performance, tiredness, increased thirst, frequent urination, calf cramps, itching and temporary vision changes. Type 1 diabetes often develops quickly, while type 2 diabetes can progress slowly and remain unnoticed for a long time.
Diagnosis
Diagnosis is based on blood glucose values, HbA1c and, when needed, an oral glucose tolerance test. Prediabetes means values are already elevated but do not yet meet the criteria for diabetes. This phase is important because lifestyle and medical follow-up can still change the course.
Treatment principles
Treatment depends on the diabetes type and the individual situation. Type 1 diabetes always requires insulin therapy. Type 2 diabetes can often be influenced by nutrition, weight management, physical activity and medication when indicated.
Nutrition tips for diabetes or prediabetes
Choose whole grains
Prefer whole-grain products and aim for several servings per day. They provide fiber, vitamins and minerals and help keep blood glucose more stable.
Reduce refined sugar
Avoid refined sugar and frequent sweet drinks. Foods with a lower glycemic index and enough protein are often better tolerated.
Eat more vegetables, fruit, nuts and legumes
These foods provide fiber and micronutrients and support cardiovascular and metabolic health.
Use high-quality fats
Olive oil, avocado, nuts and seeds can support heart health when used as part of an overall balanced diet.
What a diabetes-friendly day can look like
A balanced day could include a protein-rich breakfast, vegetables and whole grains at lunch, nuts or fruit as a snack and a dinner with vegetables, legumes or fish. The right plan depends on medication, glucose values, preferences and medical goals.
When to seek medical advice
If you notice increased thirst, frequent urination, unexplained tiredness, weight changes or repeatedly elevated glucose values, arrange a medical assessment. Diabetes care works best when diagnosis, nutrition, medication and follow-up are planned together.
